Quick, how many different kinds of honey can you name? Do you simply buy whatever is on sale at the supermarket? If you know only orange blossom honey, or if you purchase whatever is cheapest, you’re really missing out on a range of great tastes and beautiful colors.
Everyone knows that honey is produced by bees, but the amount of work these creatures must do to produce the sticky sweet beloved by humans is astonishing. It’s no accident that bees depicted on medieval coats of arms represented diligence, activity, and perseverance. According to the National Honey Board, for bees to make just one pound of honey, they may travel up to fifty-five thousand miles and visit over two million flowers. When you consider that a healthy hive can produce over 60 pounds of honey per year, that’s a great deal of work indeed. As bees fly from flower to flower, they collect nectar. That nectar is brought back to the hive, where the bees add enzymes that change the nectar’s chemical composition. They also remove most of the moisture from the altered nectar, helping to create the thick liquid we know as honey.
Did you know that honeybees are vital to agriculture in the US (and elsewhere)? As they visit flowers, they transfer pollen from the anthers of one to the ovules of another, thus fertilizing, or pollinating, the plant. Pollination allows flowering plants to produce a crop. It’s been estimated that at least one-third of the human diet (some say as much as two-thirds) comes from plants pollinated by insects. Honeybees are responsible for over 75% of insect pollination!
Within the past twenty years, the honeybee population in the US has been threatened by two large-scale pests/occurrences. Varroa mites were first detected in the US in 1987; these parasites caused tremendous losses in the population of both feral and “kept” bees. Infected bees may suffer from physical deformities, malnutrition, blood loss, or disease (varroa mites can transmit a number of pathogens to bees). A more recent problem is CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder). CCD refers to a sudden, large-scale die-off of adult bees. Some large commercial migratory beekeepers have lost from 50% to 90% of their colonies; survivors are often so weak that they can’t pollinate effectively or make honey. There is a great deal of debate about the cause (or causes) of CCD, but at present no one seems to have any all-encompassing answers. Considering how dependent we are upon honey bees for our food, this is distinctly unnerving.
Honey is available in an incredible variety of colors and tastes. But according to the Bee Raw Honey website, much of the honey available in most markets and restaurants doesn’t have a distinctive flavor, because cheap honey, imported from places such as China and Argentina, is blended with domestic honey purchased by large-scale packers. This blend is then micro-filtered and heated to “extremes” (the heating prevents crystallization as the honey sits on a shelf), thus creating “a dull, homogenous taste”. By contrast, varietal (also called “monofloral”) honey can range from the light flavor and color of clover honey to the robust heartiness and “red molasses” hue of a dark wildflower honey, with infinite gradations between the two. Blueberry, cranberry, star thistle, avocado, buckwheat, chestnut, leatherwood, fireweed, pumpkin, mint, canola, cotton, poplar, and tupelo are just some of the other varietals available (if you’re a fan of Van Morrison, you already know about tupelo honey!). In general, bees forage only within a few miles of their hives, so hives are often placed in the midst of particular groves of plants to yield that type of honey. Some beekeepers, in fact, transport their colonies, functioning as migratory pollinating units, taking them to the Southern or Western US for the winter season (as noted above, CCD has hit these beekeepers particularly hard).
Uses for honey abound in home remedies and recipes. A preparation of honey and lemon is sometimes used to soothe an irritated throat and/or minor cough. Honey is said to be a sleep aid. A honey-oatmeal mask might be used to reduce acne. If a burn is cooled first, raw honey can be applied as a healing aid; it’s also sometimes recommended for the care of minor scrapes, etc. (Honey is a natural antimicrobial and is used as a wound dressing, but burns must be cooled first as honey will retain heat.) Some sources even recommend raw honey as an anti-asthmatic or in the treatment of seasonal allergies. In foods, honey is used in everything from baklava to bread-baking to salad dressing. It’s drizzled over hot cornbread, used to make caramels, or fermented with yeast to yield mead, an ancient alcoholic beverage. However you use it, you must NEVER give honey to infants under one year of age, as it may cause infant botulism.
An increasing number of honey marketers and vendors are labeling their honey as “raw”. “Raw” honey is popular with a number of groups, including those who don’t want their food processed more than is absolutely necessary. But you should know that there is no legal definition for “raw” honey. It usually means that the honey has not been heated or filtered, but if you want to be absolutely certain, you’ll have to ask how the honey has been treated after harvest.
One type of honey I especially like is coconut honey, and I know just one seller of it. The business is located in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, just over 1700 miles northwest of Perth, Australia, literally in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Because coconut meat and coconut milk are subtle in flavor, I expected a dainty varietal, but I was delightfully wrong. Jungle Juice Coconut Honey, as it’s called, is hearty and almost spicy-tasting. This honey can stand up to whole grain bread, but it’s equally at home in a strongly-flavored tea. It’s got a rich, beautiful color, as well. You can find it at The Grateful Palate, www.gratefulpalate.com. If you live in the US and want to try something new but produced within your state or region, check out the Honey Locator, at www.honeylocator.com (look for “We sell locally produced honey” in a listing).
Choose honey in the comb, as a thick syrup in a jar or squeeze bottle, or as an opaque spread (called “crèmed” or “whipped” honey). Whatever form you prefer, I hope you’ll try one of the many varietal types of honey that are so readily available. Expand your honey horizons and discover a whole new world of wonderful flavors.
Sources:
—The National Honey Board, www.honey.com
—Draper’s Super Bee Apiaries, Inc., http://draperbee.com/info/honey.htm
—Bee Raw Honey, www.bee-raw.com
–Mid-Atlantic Apicultural Research & Extension Consortium, http://maarec.cas.psu.edu
foodfreak